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US President Barack Obama and his Russian counterpart, Dmitry Medvedev, signed a landmark nuclear arms treaty in the Czech capital, Prague on Thursday. The treaty commits the former Cold War enemies to each reduce the number of deployed strategic warheads to 1,550 - 30% lower than the previous ceiling. Here is a breakdown of their respective arsenals.
USA
RUSSIA
Intercontinental ballistic missile
Name
No.
Warheads
Name
No.
Warheads
Minuteman*
450
550
SS-18 (Satan)
50
500
SS-19 (Stiletto)
60
360
SS-25 (Sickle)
150
150
SS-27 (Topol)*
71
80
SUBTOTAL
450
550
331
1,090
Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Name
No.
Warheads
Name
No.
Warheads
Trident
288
1,152
SS-N-18 M1 (Stingray)
64
192
SS-N-23* (Skiff & Sineva)
96
384
SUBTOTAL
288
1,152
144
576
Bombers
Name
No.
Warheads
Name
No.
Warheads
B52 Stratofortress
44
350
Tu-95 (Bear)
62
682
B-2A Spirit*
16
150
Tu-160 (Blackjack)*
13
156
SUBTOTAL
60
500
75
838
Nonstrategic (short-range) forces
Name
No.
Warheads
Name
No.
Warheads
Tomahawk* cruise missile
325
100
53T6 (Gazelle)
68
68
B61 bombs
400
SA-10 (Grumble)*
1,900
630
Bombers/fighters
524
650
Subs/Ships/Air
700
SUBTOTAL
325
500
1,492
2,000
TOTAL
1,123
2,702
2,042
4,600
Source: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Note: Names in brackets are those used by Nato. Those names with an "*" next to them are pictured. The data for the US relates to 2009. That for Russia, 2010. Photo Credits: Getty, AFP, Airteamimages.com , GlobalSecurity.Org
ON Jan 27, the International Labour Organisation announced that 27 million people lost their jobs in 2009. Most of the job losses took place in Europe and the United States.
President Obama, in his recent state of the union address to Congress, said that “One in 10 Americans still cannot find work. Many businesses have shuttered. Home values have declined. Small towns and rural communities have been hit especially hard. For those who had already known poverty, life has become that much harder.”
It is not difficult to imagine the extent of the suffering that is being experienced by the people affected. Lost jobs mean lost income. Since many families now have large personal debts in the form of home loans, car loans, study loans etc., the consequences of a job loss can be very devastating.
What is ironic and interesting to note is that in many cases, the main reason given for the massive job cuts is the need to save the companies involved from going under.
The most recent example is Japan Airlines (JAL). Burdened with an unpaid debt of US$25.6bil, it made history by being Japan’s largest non-financial corporate failure. But instead of allowing JAL to die its natural death, the Japanese government decided to give it a new lease of life.
However, there was a condition attached. JAL had to accept radical restructuring plans which involved the cutting of more than 15,000 jobs, or about 30% of its workforce, by the end of 2013.
The same situation applied at General Motors (GM) in 2009. Its debt burden at the end of November 2009 was a whopping US$66bil.
The reason GM is still alive was because the Obama administration decided to rescue it by injecting public funds. However, its salaried workforce was cut by 10,000 in 2009 under a restructuring plan that calls for the elimination of 31,000 of its 96,000 workforce by 2012.
It is therefore difficult not to have the impression that the focus of governments is not really to save jobs but to save companies.
Many people mistakenly think that this is the price to pay for having capitalism as the basis for running a society’s economy. This is actually not true. The most common element in all definitions of “capitalism” is that of an economic system based on the private, as opposed to public, ownership of capital.
And this system of private ownership of capital has been around since time immemorial and yet, notably, did not cause misery of the scale that we are witnessing today.
After all, many civilisations had practised economic and business systems that allowed private ownership of capital and free market. One example is the Muslim civilisation which allowed private ownership and free market for more than 1,400 years.
However, its history was never replete with stories of massive job losses and high unemployment. True, there were occasions of economic crises due to adverse weather conditions, plagues or other natural disasters. But there was no instance of financial crises where economic players ended up bankrupt with massive loans and forced job losses.
No, this is not about capitalism but rather about the growth of one particular industry – the lending-for-profit industry. With the legalisation of “interest-charging” loans in Europe circa the 15th century, European Christians who previously considered interest-charging activities as evil and associated largely with “greedy Jewish money lenders”, began to join the financial industry in earnest.
In the centuries that followed, the Western world experienced rapid economic growth. Of course, there were hosts of problems during these periods, mainly in the injustice and exploitation of workers by debt-laden industrialists who wanted to cut costs to earn higher profits and service their debts.
Those problems eventually led to the birth of communism as an ideology. But the collapse of communism in Soviet Russia and Eastern Europe in 1989 meant that the Western financial system was able to continue to thrive. However, the world is now beginning to eventually realise that there is a major flaw with it.
The increasingly serious and severe financial crises associated with the global debt problem are now spreading economic havoc and catastrophe to all corners of the world.
Unfortunately, some are wrongly pointing accusing fingers at capitalism or the private ownership of capital as the main source of the problem. In reality, if the current suffering associated with job losses is to be eliminated, the requisite thing that needs to be undertaken is a proper diagnosis of the main causes of the problem.
Sadly, many are either unwilling to be honest and truthful in their diagnosis or are simply intellectually incapable due to a lack of exposure to genuine alternative viewpoints.
By Dr Mohd Nazari Ismail who is a professor at the Faculty of Business and Accounting, University of Malaya
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of stroke in middle-aged and older adults, especially men, according to new results from a landmark study supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health. Overall, sleep apnea more than doubles the risk of stroke in men. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in which the upper airway is intermittently narrowed or blocked, disrupting sleep and breathing during sleep.
Researchers from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) report that the risk of stroke appears in men with mild sleep apnea and rises with the severity of sleep apnea. Men with moderate to severe sleep apnea were nearly three times more likely to have a stroke than men without sleep apnea or with mild sleep apnea. The risk from sleep apnea is independent of other risk factors such as weight, high blood pressure, race, smoking, and diabetes.
They also report for the first time a link between sleep apnea and increased risk of stroke in women. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea and Incident Stroke: The Sleep Heart Health Study, was published online March 25 ahead of print in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. "Although scientists have uncovered several risk factors for stroke - such as age, high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation, and diabetes - there are still many cases in which the cause or contributing factors are unknown," noted NHLBI Acting Director Susan B. Shurin, M.D. "This is the largest study to date to link sleep apnea with an increased risk of stroke. The time is right for researchers to study whether treating sleep apnea could prevent or delay stroke in some individuals."
Conducted in nine medical centers across the United States, the SHHS is the largest and most comprehensive prospective, multi-center study on the risk of cardiovascular disease and other conditions related to sleep apnea. In the latest report, researchers studied stroke risk in 5,422 participants aged 40 years and older without a history of stroke. At the start of the study, participants performed a standard at-home sleep test, which determined whether they had sleep apnea and, if so, the severity of the sleep apnea.
Researchers followed the participants for an average of about nine years. They report that during the study, 193 participants had a stroke - 85 men (of 2,462 men enrolled) and 108 women (out of 2,960 enrolled). After adjusting for several cardiovascular risk factors, the researchers found that the effect of sleep apnea on stroke risk was stronger in men than in women. In men, a progressive increase in stroke risk was observed as sleep apnea severity increased from mild levels to moderate to severe levels. In women, however, the increased risk of stroke was significant only with severe levels of sleep apnea.
The researchers suggest that the differences between men and women might be because men are more likely to develop sleep apnea at younger ages. Therefore, they tend to have untreated sleep apnea for longer periods of time than women. "It's possible that the stroke risk is related to cumulative effects of sleep apnea adversely influencing health over many years," said Susan Redline, M.D., MPH, professor of medicine, pediatrics, and epidemiology and biostatistics, at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and lead author of the paper.
"Our findings provide compelling evidence that obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for stroke, especially in men," noted Redline. "Overall, the increased risk of stroke in men with sleep apnea is comparable to adding 10 years to a man's age. Importantly, we found that increased stroke risk in men occurs even with relatively mild levels of sleep apnea."
"Research on the effects of sleep apnea not only increases our understanding of how lapses of breathing during sleep affects our health and well being, but it can also provide important insight into how cardiovascular problems such as stroke and high blood pressure develop," noted Michael J. Twery, Ph.D., director of the NIH National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, an office administered by the NHLBI.
The new results support earlier findings that have linked sleep apnea to stroke risk. SHHS researchers have also reported that untreated sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart attack, irregular heartbeats, heart failure, and death from any cause. Other studies have also linked untreated sleep apnea with overweight and obesity and diabetes. It is also linked to excessive daytime sleepiness, which lowers performance in the workplace and at school, and increases the risk of injuries and death from drowsy driving and other accidents.
More than 12 million American adults are believed to have sleep apnea, and most are not diagnosed or treated. Treatments to restore regular breathing during sleep include mouthpieces, surgery, and breathing devices, such as continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP. In people who are overweight or obese, weight loss can also help.
These treatments can help improve breathing and reduce the severity of symptoms such as loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness, thereby improving sleep-related quality of life and performance at work or in school. Randomized clinical trials to test whether treating sleep apnea lowers the risk of stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, or death are needed.
"We now have abundant evidence that sleep apnea is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. The next logical step is to determine if treating sleep apnea can lower a person's risk of these leading killers," said Redline. "With stimulus funds, our research group is now developing the additional research and resources to begin answering this important question."
Through funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the NHLBI is awarding approximately $4.4 million to Redline to conduct the first NIH-funded comparative effectiveness study of treatments for sleep apnea. In the two-year multi-center pilot study, SHHS researchers and others will compare the cardiovascular effects of adding either CPAP or supplemental oxygen during sleep to standard care in patients with moderate to severe sleep apnea who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease events such as heart attack or stroke.
BEIJING,April 8(Xinhuanet) -- Surprises abound in the journey of life. And the beginning is especially wonderful.
Knock, knock -- the shell cracks; then a naughty, curious miniature gets out from the broken egg, making its appearance in the world for the very first time.
Following sets of pictures show the young of four different species hatching from their eggs. These extraordinary photos are created by the couple team Heidi and Hans-Juergen Koch from Germany (who have specialized in animal photography for the past 20 years). Let's say hello to those fascinating little lives! Ostrich
ScienceDaily (Apr. 6, 2010) — Performance of an hour or more of physical activity per day by adolescents is associated with control of body weight even among those who are genetically predisposed to obesity, according to a report in the April issue of Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
"There is compelling evidence that human obesity is a multifactorial disorder where both genes and lifestyle factors, including diet and physical activity, are important contributors," the authors write as background information in the article. "Among the obesity-related genes, polymorphisms in the fat mass- and obesity-associated gene (FTO) are strongly associated with body fat estimates in populations of different ethnic background or ages." Each copy of a mutation in this gene may be associated with a weight increase of approximately 1.5 kilograms or 3.3 pounds.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently released updated guidelines recommending that children and adolescents participate in physical activity for 60 minutes per day or longer, with most exercise being of moderate to vigorous intensity. To see if this level of physical activity reduces the effects of mutations in the FTO gene on body fat, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Ph.D., of the Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden, and colleagues studied 752 adolescents who were part of a cross-sectional study in 10 European countries between October 2006 and December 2007.
Of the participating teens, 275 (37 percent) had no copies of the obesity mutation, 354 (47 percent) had one copy and 123 (16 percent) had two copies. The mutation was associated with a higher body mass index (BMI), higher body fat percentage and a larger waist circumference.
However, among participants who met the daily physical activity recommendations, the effect of the gene mutation was much lower. For each copy of the mutated gene, those who exercised as recommended had a BMI an average of 0.17 higher than those with no mutations, compared with 0.65 higher per mutation among those who did not meet exercise requirements. Similarly, each mutated gene was associated with an increase of 0.4 percent in body fat and a 0.6-centimeter increase in waist circumference among those who met activity guidelines, compared with a 1.7 percent increase in body fat and a 1.15 centimeter increase in waist circumference among those who did not.
"These findings have important public health implications and indicate that meeting the physical activity recommendations may offset the genetic predisposition to obesity associated with the FTO polymorphism in adolescents," the authors write. "Indeed, adolescents meeting the daily physical activity recommendations may overcome the effect of this gene on obesity-related traits."
ScienceDaily (Apr. 6, 2010) — Depression and schizophrenia can be triggered by environmental stimuli and often occur in response to stressful life events. However, some people have a higher predisposition to develop these diseases, which highlights a role for genetics in determining a person's disease risk.
A high number of people with depression have a genetic change that alters a protein that cells use to talk to each other in the brain. Imaging of people with depression also shows that they have greater activity in some areas of their brain. Unfortunately, the techniques that are currently available have not been able to determine why stress induces pathological changes for some people and how their genetics contribute to disease.
A new mouse model may provide some clues about what makes some people more likely to develop depression after experiencing stress. A collaborative group of European researchers created a mouse that carries a genetic change associated with depression in people. "This model has good validity for understanding depression in the human, in particularly in cases of stress-induced depression, which is a fairly widespread phenomenon" says Dr. Alessandro Bartolomucci, the first author of the research published in the journal, Disease Models and Mechanisms (DMM).
The scientists made genetic changes in the transporter that moves a signaling protein, serotonin, out of the communication space between neurons in the brain. The changes they made are reminiscent of the genetic changes found in people who have a high risk of developing depression.
"There is a clear relationship between a short form of the serotonin transporter and a very high vulnerability to develop clinical depression when people are exposed to increasing levels of stressful life events." says Dr. Bartolomucci, "This is one of the first studies performed in mice that only have about 50% of the normal activity of the transporter relative to normal mice, which is exactly the situation that is present in humans with high vulnerability to depression."
Mice with the genetic change were more likely to develop characteristics of depression and social anxiety, which researchers measure by their degree of activity and their response to meeting new mice. The work from this study now allows researchers to link the genetic changes that are present in humans with decreased serotonin turnover in the brain. It suggests that the genetic mutation impedes the removal of signaling protein from communication areas in the brain, which may result in an exaggerated response to stress.
Dr. Bartolomucci points out that many of the chemical changes they measured occurred in the areas of the brain that regulate memory formation, emotional responses to stimuli and social interactions, which might be expected. "What we were surprised by was the magnitude of vulnerability that we observed in mice with the genetic mutation and the selectivity of its effects."
Even the bird-brained can follow a leader. When pigeons fly in flocks, each bird falls behind another with better navigational skill, and the savviest among them leads the flock, scientists report in the April 8 Nature. The research suggests hierarchies can serve peaceful purposes in the animal kingdom, where dominance by brute force is often the rule. “A pecking order tends to be just that — a pecking order,” says Iain Couzin of Princeton University, an expert in collective behavior who was not involved in the research.
The research also suggests that for pigeons, dominance isn’t set in stone. While one bird often emerged as the leader, other birds also stepped up. This flexibility in leadership had previously been seen only in some small groups of fish.
From schools to packs to swarms to flocks, collective behavior is widespread among animals. But in many cases, the important interactions are with nearest neighbors, and control of the group’s movement is distributed among members rather than hierarchical.
Biological physicist Tamás Vicsek of Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest and his colleagues studied flight dynamics in homing pigeons, which fly in flocks but conveniently return to their roosts. The researchers outfitted 13 pigeons with tiny backpacks carrying GPS devices that measured shifts in birds’ flight direction five times per second. Flocks of eight to 10 birds flew with the devices during homing flights (a roughly 14-kilometer trip back to the roost) and spontaneous “free” flights near home. Each bird also flew solo flights of about 15 kilometers each.
Analysis of GPS logs showed that for each excursion, the flock had one leader followed by at least three or four other birds. Each of these followers was in turn followed by other birds in the flock. Comparing the solo flight paths to the group flights showed that the birds with the best navigational skills led the flock.
While flocks have hierarchies, they’re not dictatorships, notes Vicsek. One bird led eight of the 13 flights, while other birds took the lead on the rest of the trips. Vicsek likens the dynamics to a group of peers deciding where to eat dinner. “Maybe someone knows the area restaurants best, or there is a person who’s a gourmand — or maybe they are the most outspoken,” he says. This one person might pick the place to eat for several nights, although another person might chime in now and then. And then there is the person with no say, whom everyone knows has terrible taste in food.
“These pigeons know each other. They know which is the smartest. The fastest bird will even follow the slower one who knows the way home the best,” say Vicsek. Videos of the birds’ positions during flight showed that if the best navigator moves a little to the left, it takes about a third of a second for other birds to do the same. But if the least savvy bird makes a move “the others don’t care,” Vicsek says.
Pigeons’ brains may be wired for follow-the-leader, comments behavioral neuroscientist Lucia Jacobs of the University of California, Berkeley. When the left eye sees something, for example, it sends all the visual information to the right brain hemisphere, and vice versa. This “extreme lateralization” may play a role in organizing flocks, the new work suggests. A pigeon following another was most likely to be flying on its partner’s right, seeing this leader with its left eye. “It’s very cool,” Jacobs says.
